Expected participation in protest activities among lower secondary students in 38 countries

The IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) investigated the ways in which young people in lower secondary schools (specifically in their eighth year of school) are being prepared to undertake their roles as citizens in a wide range of countries in Europe, Latin America, and the Asian-Pacific region. ICCS is the third IEA1 study designed to study outcomes of civic and citizenship education (CCE) and is linked to the 1999 IEA Civic Education Study (CIVED) (Amadeo, Torney-Purta, Lehmann, Husfeldt & Nikolova, 2002; Schulz & Sibberns, 2004; Torney-Purta, Lehmann, Oswald & Schulz, 2001). Results from this study have been published in a number of international (Schulz, Ainley, Fraillon, Kerr & Losito, 2010a & 2010b) and regional reports (Kerr, Sturman, Schulz & Burge, 2010; Schulz, Ainley, Friedman & Lietz, forthcoming; Fraillon, Ainley & Schulz, forthcoming). A central focus of ICCS was students' preparedness to become citizens in a democracy is their disposition to be actively involved in society through different forms of civic participation. This paper provides an analysis of measures of students' intentions to participate in different protest activities. It describes the extent of these intentions and the factors that appear to influence students’ intentions to become involved in legal or illegal protest activities.